They Say/I Say: Guide To Academic Writing

Academic writing is a multifaceted endeavor and it needs critical thinking that goes beyond summarizing information, therefore “They Say/I Say” emerges as a crucial guide and it emphasize the importance of not only presenting one’s ideas but also understanding and responding to the arguments of others. Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein are the authors of “They Say/I Say” and they provide templates designed to help students effectively enter academic conversations and articulate their own arguments in relation to what others have said. The book addresses a common issue in academic writing which is the failure to adequately explain the relevance or significance of an argument that resulted in answering the questions “So What? Who Cares?”.

Ever feel like your academic writing is just…blah? Like you’re churning out papers that sound vaguely like what you think your professor wants, but they lack that certain je ne sais quoi? You’re not alone! Academic writing can be a real beast.

It’s easy to fall into the trap of writing arguments that feel uninspired, lacking that spark of originality. Maybe your reasoning feels a bit…fuzzy, or your arguments just don’t seem to land with the impact you envisioned. And let’s be honest, sometimes it feels like you’re writing into the void, wondering if anyone will actually care about what you have to say. Common pitfalls include lack of originality, weak arguments, unclear reasoning, and a failure to connect with the reader.

But fear not, aspiring wordsmiths! There’s a light at the end of the academic tunnel, and it’s called “They Say / I Say.” This framework isn’t just another dry writing technique; it’s a secret weapon for building killer arguments. It’s all about understanding that academic writing isn’t a solo mission. It’s a conversation. By engaging with what others have already said, you can craft arguments that are not only stronger but also way more interesting.

Think of it like this: your academic work doesn’t exist in a vacuum. It’s part of a bigger conversation, a lively debate! “They Say / I Say” helps you join that conversation with confidence, making your voice heard in a way that’s clear, compelling, and, dare we say, even persuasive.

Mastering “They Say / I Say” means more than just getting better grades (though, let’s be real, that’s a nice perk). It’s about becoming a clearer, more confident communicator in all aspects of your life. And, crucially, it’s about answering those nagging questions: “So What?” and “Who Cares?” Because let’s face it, if you can’t answer those, your argument is dead in the water.

We’re going to tease you with the benefits of mastering this framework. Think: improved grades, clearer communication, and greater confidence in your academic writing. Trust us, this is one framework you’ll want in your academic toolkit. So, buckle up, and get ready to transform your academic writing from bland to brilliant!

The Argumentation Toolkit: Essential Concepts for Academic Success

Before we dive headfirst into the glorious world of “They Say / I Say,” let’s arm ourselves with some essential concepts. Think of this as your academic utility belt, packed with the tools you’ll need to build arguments that are not just strong, but also persuasive and, dare I say, impactful. Ignoring these concepts is like trying to assemble IKEA furniture without the instructions – possible, but likely to end in frustration and a wobbly bookshelf!

Argumentation: The Foundation of Persuasion

At its heart, argumentation is simply the art of presenting a claim and backing it up with solid evidence and airtight reasoning. It’s not just about stating your opinion; it’s about convincing others that your opinion is worth considering. It’s like saying, “Pizza is the best food ever!” (the claim) and then following up with “because it’s versatile, delicious, and can be eaten with one hand while binge-watching Netflix” (the evidence and reasoning). See? Argumentation in action!

Rhetoric: The Art of Persuasion

Now, let’s talk about rhetoric—the art of persuasive speaking or writing. Understanding rhetoric is like knowing the secret handshake to unlock the power of persuasion. Rhetoric teaches you how to use language effectively, to appeal to your audience’s emotions (pathos), establish your credibility (ethos), and present logical arguments (logos). Think of it as the seasoning that elevates a good argument to a truly unforgettable one.

Critical Thinking: Your BS Detector

Next up, we have critical thinking, your trusty BS detector. Critical thinking is all about analyzing information objectively, questioning assumptions, and forming well-supported opinions. It helps you sift through the noise and identify the most credible sources and compelling evidence. In a world overflowing with information, critical thinking is your superpower for discerning truth from fiction.

Audience Awareness: Know Your Crowd

Audience awareness is basically understanding who you’re talking to. You wouldn’t explain quantum physics to a five-year-old the same way you would to a room full of physicists, right? Tailoring your arguments to resonate with your specific audience is key to getting your message across effectively. Consider their background, values, and existing knowledge to make your arguments more persuasive.

Purpose: Why Are You Writing?

What’s the purpose of your writing? Are you trying to inform, persuade, entertain, or something else entirely? Identifying your purpose is crucial because it shapes your entire approach. If you’re writing to persuade, your arguments will be different than if you’re simply trying to inform. Know your why, and your how will follow.

Exigence: The Spark That Ignites Your Argument

Exigence is the fancy word for what motivates you to write in the first place. It’s the issue, problem, or situation that creates a need for your argument. What’s the thing that’s bugging you? What’s the conversation you want to join? Identifying the exigence helps you understand why your argument matters.

Stakes: Why Should Anyone Care?

Finally, let’s talk about the stakes. What are the implications of your argument? Why should anyone care? Understanding the stakes helps you highlight the significance of your ideas and demonstrate why your perspective is important. If you can clearly articulate the stakes, you’ll not only make your argument more compelling but also more meaningful.

So, there you have it—your argumentation toolkit, ready for action! With these concepts in your arsenal, you’re well-equipped to tackle any academic challenge and craft arguments that are not only convincing but also impactful. Now, let’s get ready to rumble with “They Say / I Say”!

“They Say”: Nailing the Art of Understanding and Summarizing Others

Alright, let’s dive into the first (and arguably coolest) part of the “They Say / I Say” framework: the “They Say.” Think of it like this: you wouldn’t just burst into a room and start shouting your opinions without knowing what everyone else is talking about, right? Academic writing is the same! You gotta listen to the conversation first.

Why is this crucial? Well, for starters, accurately summarizing others’ viewpoints shows you’re not just some lone wolf howling at the moon. It establishes your credibility. Imagine trying to argue with someone who clearly hasn’t even bothered to understand your point of view. Annoying, right? By demonstrating that you’ve actually listened to and understood the existing discussion, you’re showing respect for other scholars and setting the stage for a more productive and persuasive argument. It’s like saying, “Hey, I get what you’re saying, and here’s why I think differently (or similarly!).” That’s how you build bridges, not walls, with your readers. Plus, a solid summary sets up your argument perfectly – it’s the launchpad for your brilliant ideas.

But here’s the catch: summarizing isn’t just about regurgitating what someone else said. You need to do it fairly and accurately. Think of it like this: you’re a journalist reporting on someone else’s story. You need to be impartial and present their ideas in a way that they would recognize and agree with. One of the common pitfalls is misrepresentation: twisting someone’s words to make them sound silly or wrong. Another is bias: letting your own opinions color your summary. Imagine summarizing a political opponent and making them sound like a cartoon villain. Not cool, and definitely not academically sound.

So, how do we avoid these traps? That’s where the magic of templates comes in! These little phrases are like training wheels for your academic bike. They help you clearly and accurately introduce the ideas of others.

Here are a few to get you started:

• “According to [Author],…” – Simple, direct, and effective. Use this when you want to attribute a specific idea to a specific person.
• “Many argue that…” – Perfect for introducing a common viewpoint or a widely held belief.
• “It is often said that…” – Similar to the above, but with a slightly more informal tone.

Remember, these are just starting points. Feel free to adapt them to fit your specific needs. For example, you could add more detail: “According to Jane Doe in her groundbreaking study on aardvarks,…”

The key is to use signal phrases consistently. These phrases act as a clear indicator to your reader that you’re summarizing someone else’s ideas, not presenting your own. It’s like using quotation marks, but for ideas instead of words. This clarity is essential for avoiding confusion and ensuring that your readers understand the relationship between your ideas and the ideas of others. Think of signal phrases as little road signs that guide your reader through the landscape of your argument. They help them navigate the “They Say” and the “I Say” with ease and confidence.

“I Say”: Time to Shine – Crafting Your Own Argument

Okay, you’ve diligently summarized “They Say,” giving credit where it’s due. Now, it’s your turn to step into the spotlight and unveil your perspective. This is where the magic happens, where you transform from a reporter into a rhetorical rockstar. But how do you ensure your “I Say” is as clear as a bell and as convincing as a seasoned lawyer? Let’s break it down.

The Thesis Statement: Your Argument’s North Star

Think of your thesis statement as the GPS guiding your readers through the labyrinth of your argument. It’s a single, powerful sentence that encapsulates your main claim in direct response to what “They Say.” It shouldn’t be wishy-washy or vague. It needs to be a clear, concise declaration of your stance.

How do you create such a statement? First, revisit your summary of “They Say.” What’s the prevailing opinion? Now, how do you feel about it? Do you agree, disagree, or agree with reservations? Your thesis statement should directly reflect that response.

For instance, if “They Say” that social media is inherently harmful, your thesis might be, “While some argue that social media is inherently harmful, I contend that it can be a valuable tool for social connection and activism, depending on how it is used.” See how it directly engages with the previous viewpoint?

Evidence: Show, Don’t Just Tell (Please!)

Imagine trying to build a house with no bricks – your argument needs solid evidence to stand tall. Evidence is the concrete proof that supports your claims, whether it’s quotes from experts, relevant data, compelling examples, or illustrative anecdotes.

But simply dumping evidence onto the page isn’t enough. You need to carefully select evidence that directly relates to your thesis and supports your specific points. And most importantly, you have to explain what each piece of evidence means and why it strengthens your argument. This, my friend, is the art of analysis.

Argumentative Arsenal: Templates to Get You Started

Feeling stuck? Don’t worry, even the pros use templates sometimes. Here are a few to get you started:

• “While some argue X, I argue Y.” (This is your classic disagreement template.)
• “I agree with [Author] that…, but…” (Perfect for agreeing with a caveat.)
• “My own view is that…” (Use this when you’re introducing a completely novel perspective.)
• “The article by Dr. X makes a solid case, but some of the data is outdated“
• “While author X focused on A, I think the real issue is actually B“

Feel free to adapt these templates to your own voice and style. The point is to get you started and inspire your own creativity.

Analysis: The Secret Sauce of Academic Writing

This is where a lot of students stumble, so pay close attention. Analysis is explaining how your evidence supports your claim. It’s the bridge that connects the dots for your reader, showing them why your evidence is relevant and how it strengthens your overall argument.

Don’t assume your reader can automatically make the connection – spell it out for them. Use phrases like:

• “This quote demonstrates that…”
• “This data suggests that…”
• “This example illustrates…”
• “This point is important because…”

Remember, clear and confident presentation of your “I Say” is paramount. It’s where you step into the conversation, assert your perspective, and leave your mark on the academic world. So, embrace your voice, support it with evidence, and explain your reasoning clearly. You’ve got this!

Bridging the Gap: Using Transitions to Create a Seamless Argument

Okay, you’ve got your “They Say” and your “I Say” all prepped and ready to go. But imagine trying to build a bridge without any connecting beams – yikes, right? That’s where transitions swoop in to save the day! Think of them as the superglue holding your argument together, guiding your reader from one idea to the next like a friendly tour guide through the fascinating landscape of your mind. Without them, your argument can feel choppy, disjointed, and leave your reader scratching their head in confusion.

Transitions, simply put, are words or phrases that act as bridges between your ideas. They signal the relationship between one thought and another, making your writing flow smoothly and logically. They tell your reader, “Hey, we’re moving on to something new, but it’s still connected to what we were just talking about!” Think of it like this: “They Say” sets the stage, and “I Say” enters the scene – transitions are the dramatic music that tells everyone what kind of scene it’s going to be.

• Transitions to Show Agreement: Let’s say you’re totally on board with what “They Say.” You might use phrases like:

  • Similarly
  • In addition
  • Likewise
  • “As [Author X] also points out,…”
  • “Following [Author Y]’s line of reasoning,…“
  • “Indeed,“

• Transitions to Show Disagreement: Now, if you’re feeling a bit rebellious and disagree with the “They Say,” here are some trusty phrases:

  • However
  • On the other hand
  • Conversely
  • In contrast
  • “While it is true that X, it is important to remember that Y“
  • “Despite the common belief that X,…”

• Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: Need to explain why something happened? These transitions are your best friends:

  • Therefore
  • As a result
  • Consequently
  • Thus
  • “Because of X, Y occurred.“
  • “Due to [factor], it can be seen that“

• Transitions to Add Evidence: Time to back up your claims with some solid proof!

  • For example
  • For instance
  • In fact
  • Specifically
  • “To illustrate this point,…“
  • “A clear example of this is…“

Now, a pro tip: Don’t get stuck using the same transition words over and over again. Variety is the spice of life, and it’s also the spice of academic writing! Mix it up, explore different options, and find the transitions that best suit the flow of your argument. Trust me, your readers (and your grades) will thank you for it.

Using varied transitions make your writing more dynamic, shows off your command of language, and keeps your reader engaged. By carefully choosing and placing these little bridges, you can create a truly seamless and convincing argument.

Answering the Big Questions: “So What?” and “Who Cares?”

Okay, so you’ve crafted a killer argument using the “They Say / I Say” framework. You’ve meticulously summarized others’ viewpoints and confidently presented your own. High five! But hold on a second. Before you hit that submit button, there are two crucial questions lurking in the shadows, ready to pounce on your hard work if you’re not careful: “So What?” and “Who Cares?”

Think of it like this: You’ve built an amazing sandcastle, complete with moats and towers. But if you can’t explain why anyone should admire your architectural masterpiece, or why it even matters in the grand scheme of beach-going, well, it’s just a sandcastle, isn’t it? No one is going to remember it for the next day.

Answering the “So What?” question is all about establishing the importance of your argument in a broader context. It’s about showing why your ideas matter beyond the confines of your essay or research paper. What are the implications of your findings? What impact could your argument have on the world? Imagine you’re unveiling a groundbreaking discovery. Answering “So What?” is like explaining why that discovery is going to change lives. Here’s a template to help you:

“These findings have significant implications for…”

Now, let’s tackle the “Who Cares?” question. This is where you need to connect with your audience on a personal level. Why should they care about your argument? What’s in it for them? Are you addressing a problem that affects their lives? Are you offering a new perspective that challenges their assumptions? Think of it as showing your audience that your sandcastle isn’t just pretty—it’s also protecting them from the incoming tide or providing a habitat for tiny crabs. Let’s try this template:

“These issues should matter to anyone who cares about…”

Remember, the key to answering both of these questions effectively is to be specific and concrete. Avoid vague generalizations and instead focus on providing tangible examples and clear explanations. Show your readers why your argument is not only interesting but also relevant and meaningful to their lives. Because at the end of the day, if you can’t answer “So What?” and “Who Cares?” your argument might just end up getting washed away like that sandcastle, after all.

Common Academic Writing Challenges (and How “They Say / I Say” Can Help)

Academic writing… shudders. It can feel like navigating a minefield blindfolded, right? You’re trying to sound smart, original, and insightful, but sometimes you just end up feeling lost in a sea of jargon and half-baked ideas. But fear not, fellow scholars! “They Say / I Say” is like your academic GPS, guiding you through the tricky terrain of research papers and essays. Let’s break down some of the most common pitfalls and how this framework acts like a superhero to overcome them.

Lack of Originality: From Echo Chamber to Innovation Station

Ever feel like you’re just regurgitating what you’ve read, like a scholarly parrot? The “They Say / I Say” framework flips this on its head. By starting with what others are saying, you’re not just repeating information; you’re entering a conversation. And that’s where the magic happens! By engaging with existing ideas, questioning them, and building upon them, you naturally inject your own unique perspective and original thought. It’s like remixing a classic song – you’re using familiar elements but creating something entirely new.

Weak Thesis Statements: Turning Wobbly Claims into Rock-Solid Arguments

A weak thesis is like a flimsy bridge – it’s going to collapse under the weight of your argument. “They Say / I Say” forces you to formulate a direct response to the existing conversation. Your thesis becomes crystal clear because it’s not just stating your opinion; it’s stating your opinion in relation to what others are saying. This creates a focused and purposeful argument, making your paper much stronger and more persuasive. Think of it as a superhero landing – impactful and attention-grabbing!

Insufficient Evidence: Show, Don’t Just Tell (and Definitely Don’t Make It Up)

We’ve all been there: scrambling for evidence at the last minute, desperately trying to find something to back up our claims. “They Say / I Say” emphasizes the vital role of evidence because you’re responding to a pre-existing argument. This means that you need to carefully and relevant data, quotes, and examples to support your claims and connect them back to the “They Say” element. This helps create clear logical connections making it easier to understand your points.

Unclear Reasoning: Connecting the Dots (So Your Reader Doesn’t Have To)

Sometimes, your argument might feel clear to you, but to the reader, it’s like a jumbled mess of ideas. “They Say / I Say” pushes you to explicitly explain the connection between your evidence and your claims. This means no more assuming that your reader can read your mind! Spell it out, connect the dots, and make sure your reasoning is crystal clear. This ensures that your argument is not only well-supported but also easy to follow.

Ignoring Counterarguments: The Power of Acknowledging the Other Side

Pretending that opposing viewpoints don’t exist is a recipe for a weak argument. “They Say / I Say” encourages you to acknowledge and respond to counterarguments. By addressing opposing views, you demonstrate that you’ve considered all sides of the issue, strengthening your credibility and making your own argument even more persuasive. It’s like saying, “Hey, I know there are other opinions out there, but here’s why mine is still the best!”

Failing to Establish Relevance: Answering the Million-Dollar Questions

So, you’ve written a brilliant paper… but so what? And who cares? If you haven’t answered these crucial questions, your argument will fall flat. “They Say / I Say” forces you to address the “So What?” and “Who Cares?” questions, ensuring that your argument is relevant and meaningful to the reader. This involves explaining the broader implications of your argument and showing why it should matter to your audience. It’s the difference between saying “This is interesting” and “This could change the world!”

“They Say / I Say” in Action: Examples Across Disciplines

Okay, so you’re probably thinking, “This ‘They Say / I Say’ thing sounds great in theory, but does it actually work in the real world?” The answer, my friend, is a resounding yes! The beauty of this framework is its adaptability. It’s not just for English papers; it’s a versatile tool that can sharpen your arguments across various academic fields. Let’s see it in action, shall we?

Literature Analysis: Unmasking the Text

Ever feel like you’re just summarizing a book instead of analyzing it? “They Say / I Say” to the rescue! Instead of simply stating what happened in Hamlet, you can use the framework to engage with existing interpretations. For example:

“While some critics argue that Hamlet’s procrastination stems from indecision, I contend that it’s a deliberate act of resistance against Claudius’s corrupt regime.“

See? You’re not just repeating what others have said; you’re building on the conversation and adding your own unique perspective. Spice!

Historical Arguments: Rewriting the Narrative

History isn’t just a collection of facts; it’s a debate! “They Say / I Say” helps you participate in that debate. Let’s say you’re writing about the American Revolution:

“It is often argued that the American Revolution was solely driven by the desire for independence from British rule. However, a closer examination reveals that economic factors, such as taxation without representation, played a far more significant role.“

Bam! You’ve acknowledged a common viewpoint (“They Say”) and then presented your own, more nuanced argument (“I Say”). This demonstrates critical thinking and a deep understanding of the historical context.

Scientific Research Papers: Joining the Scientific Community

Science isn’t just about discovering new things; it’s about building on existing knowledge. “They Say / I Say” can help you frame your research within the broader scientific conversation. For example:

“Smith and Jones (2020) argue that increased CO2 levels directly correlate with rising global temperatures. While their findings are compelling, my research suggests that other factors, such as deforestation, may also contribute significantly to climate change.“

By acknowledging previous research and then presenting your own findings, you’re positioning yourself as a contributor to the scientific community, not just an observer.

Adapting the Templates: Find Your Academic Voice

Now, here’s the key: these templates aren’t meant to be followed blindly. They’re a starting point, a scaffolding to help you build your own unique arguments. Feel free to tweak them, combine them, and make them your own.

The conventions of each discipline will influence your use of the “They Say / I Say” framework. For example, in history, you’ll need to cite your sources meticulously, while in literature, you might focus more on close reading and textual analysis.

So, don’t be afraid to experiment. The more you practice, the more comfortable you’ll become with adapting the “They Say / I Say” framework to fit your specific needs and the demands of your field. Go forth and conquer those academic arguments!

So, next time you’re staring blankly at a page, wondering how to even start, remember: join the conversation, tell us what you think, and don’t be afraid to make it clear why anyone should care. Happy writing!